Broido



D. BROIDO CALCULATING MACHINE l2 Sheets-Sheet l 25/ I82 I80 05 m March 28,1950

Filed Jan. 24, 1947 fig. IA.

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March 28, 1950 D. BROIDO 2,501,929

CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 24, 1947 12 Sheets-Sheet 3 U0 LID I 92 nventor CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 24, 1947 12 Sheets-Sheet 4 Atto/"neu March 28, 1950 D. BROIDO CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 24, 1947 l2 Sheets-Sheet 6 oo o o o o o o 0 $0 0 o o w oo 7 3 o o o o o oo o o m wwoomowooo oo owwo L o oo o O O O O 0 000 0 0 000 00 O o o o o 6 b o w c o o 9 o oo oo oooo ooo%MW 000 o m m oo 08 0 m c o 000 0 00000 00 oo 00 00000 6 o 0 M 0 0 oo oo oo o 0o 00 0 OJ 0 o o o o o o o o .I..\\ O O O O O O 00 7 7 17" Afton/reg March 28, 1950 D. BROIDO 2,501,929

CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 24, 1947 12 Sheets-Sheet '7 m wo om omom m 00 .oo o o L w o m 00 o o m o oo o O O 0 O goog 00m 0 000 0% 000 00 000 o o oo no 080 80 oom woo mow 80 o o o o O O O OO 0 0000008 I Fig. 8

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March 28, 1950 D. BROIDO 2,501,929

CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 24, 1947 12 Sheets-Sheet 9 March 28, 1950 D. BROIDO CALCULATING MACHINE 12 Sheets-Sheet 10 Filed Jan. 24, 1947 FEELERS 97 CAMSZOI N SENSING MEMBERS I29 P FOR PLUNGERSI MS Riv-URN cmsm now I I (RMSZ/ I FORWARD RETURN Mr. sunss :50

Muss TOTALIZER n3 March 28, 1950 D. BROIDO 2,501,929

CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 24, 1947 12 Sheets-Sheet l1 Attomgu March 28, 1950 D. BROIDO CALCULATING MACHINE l2 Sheets-Sheet 12 Filed Jan. 251, 1947 6 2/ 7 1/. a m l 2 Inventor Patented Mar. 28, 1950 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE Application January 24, 1947, Serial No. 724,199 In Great Britain February 1, 1946 8 Claims. 1

This invention relates to calculating machines for non-uniform numerical systems comprising interrelated sets of units, such as pounds, shillings, pence, and fractions of a penny.

In the specification to my prior British Patent No. 566,942 there is described a machine of this type suitable inter alia for multiplication of sterling amounts by decimal amounts. In this machine, the set-up values of the sterling factor and the decimal multiples thereof are represented by suitably notched plates mounted on a carriage shiftable transversely of the stationary totalising register for the purpose of selecting those representations which correspond to the denomination of the respective multiplier digit, the machine being operated repeatedly in accordance with the multiplier digit. Thus, in order to multiply by 700, the carriage is shifted into the hundreds position, and the main operating shaft is rotated seven times. Calculating machines of this type are commonly known as repeated-addition machines.

In the specification to my prior British Patent No. 575,324 there is described a machine suitable, inter alia not only for multiplication of sterling by decimal amounts, but vice versa. This machine is similar to that described in the firstmentioned patent specification insofar as it is a repeated-addition machine with representations of decimal (or non-decimal) multiples mounted on a shiftable carriage.

In the specification to my prior British Patent No. 577,330 there i described a calculating machine suitable for the decimal numerical system only. In this machine, notched plates representing the partial products of the set-up values are mounted on a carriage shiftable transversely of the stationary totalising register in accordance with the denominations of the second factor. The first factor and one digit at a time of the second factor are set up prior to the operation of the machine, which operation involves only a single cycle irrespective of the multiplier digit. Thus in order to multiply by 700, the digit 7 is set up, the carriage is shifted into the hundreds position, and the main operating shaft is rotated once. Calculating machines of this type are commonly known as partial products machines.

The present invention contemplates a combinationof a machine suitable for non-uniform numerical systems such as described in the first mentioned patent specification and/ or in the second mentioned patent specification with a singlecycle operation such as described in the third mentioned patent specification. Such a combination involves the provision of means for storing a considerable number of representations of partial products. v

The main object of the present invention is to devise a calculating machine suitable for multiplication of a non-uniform factor by a decimal amount, or vice versa, the multiplication by any digit being effected in a single operation irrespective of the digit of the multiplier.

Another object is to devise a machine suitable for division of a non-uniform amount by another non-uniform amount or by a decimal factor, the division by any set-up digit being effected in a single operating cycle.

A further object is to devise a machine for calculations involving non-uniform and decimal factors, comprising stored representations of products of all digits of all denominations of the first factor multiplied, respectively, by all digits of all denominations of the second factor, the said products being expressed in the final denominations.

Further objects will become apparent as the description proceeds.

With these objects in view, a machine made according to the present invention for calculations involving non-uniform and decimal factors comprises stored representations of products of all digits of all denominations of the first factor multiplied, respectively, by all digits of all denominations of the second factor, said products being expressed in the final denominations, a first set-up mechanism for selecting for operation representations corresponding to the desired digits of the desired denominations of the first factor, a second set-up mechanism for selecting for operation representations corresponding to the desired digit of the second factor, a third set-up mechanism for selecting for operation representations corresponding to the desired denomination of the second factor, means for sensing the selected representations, a totalizing register, valuventering means for entering the sensed valueseither additively or subtractively into the totalizing register, and operating means for actuating the said sensing means and the said value-entering means once during multiplication or division by set-up digit of the second factor.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention adapted for the sterling numerical system the set-up mechanism has a capacity of 99,999:19:11.99d. for sterling values; the pounds section of the set-up mechanism may be used for decimal factors, which thus may go up to 99,999. The set-up factor, such as multiplicand, dividend, or divisor, will be referred to generally as the first factor, while the second factor refers generally to multiplier or quotient. The capacity of the mati chine for decimal second factors is 9,999,999.9999, and for sterling second factors 9,999,999;l9:1l'/ d.

Provision is made for the following operations: multiplication of sterling inultiplicands by decimal multipliers (whole numbers) and vice--versa; multiplication of sterling amounts by decimal fractions; multiplication of two decimal factors; division of sterling dividend by sterling divisors, of sterling dividends by decimal divisors, and of decimal dividends by decimal divisors. Multiplication and division by any set-up digit requires only a single operating cycle. Addition and subtraction is performed as multiplication by 1, the amount being entered into the totalizing register subtractively in the case of subtraction.

The main feature of the present invention is the provision of representations of all products of the set-up values multiplied by all digits of all denominations of the second factor, within the machine capacity, the said products being expressed in the final denominations.

For convenience, the following abbreviations are used in the specification:

Set-up (first) factor Second factor 0 indicates units denomination (10 1 to 9 +1 indicates tens denomination (10 10 to 00 +2 indicates hundreds denomination (10 100 to 900 +8 indicates thousands denomination (10 1,000 to 0,000

+4 indicates lZGl1-l1l10l1SQDdS denomination (10 10,000 to 00,000

+5 indicates hundred-thousands denomination (10 100,000 to 000,000 +6 indicates millions denomination (10") 1,000,000 to 0,000,000

-l indicates tenths denomination (10 ,1 to .0

2 indicates hundrcdtlis denomi Lion (10- .01 to .00

Slg i ilicatcs tens of shillings denomination 10/ S1 indicates units of shillings denomination 1/ to 9/- 1) indicates pence denomination 1d. to 11d. D/8 indicates eigliihsoi-pcnny denomination ltd, to Zd,

The products of all values listed above are shown in Tables D10 to L10 hereinafter contained. In Tables D10- and D10 the products by 1 to 1 denominations are omitted, since their digital value is the same as in the case of the 0 (units) denomination only the decimal point being displaced to the left. 3 and 4 are omitted in Tables S1 and S10. Columns +1 to +6 are omitted in Tables L1 to L10 since their digital value is the same as in the case of the 0 column, a zero being added on the right of the respective product in each successive column. The left-hand column in each table shows the multiplier digits.

As already mentioned, the pounds section of the set-up mechanism may be used for decimal first factors. Consequently, columns S10 to /8 in Tables L1 to L10 show the products of the respective decimal values multiplied by the various sterling values. Thus, a multiplication 99,999 d. involves the following products:

Similarly, columns for such calculations may be constructed according to the present invention. All the numerical values shown in the above tables are represented and stored in the machine, but it will be understood from the following description that a single representation of a certain value may be used repeatedly to represent the same digit of various associated denominations. Thus, in Table D10" 1 columns 0 and +1, top row, show .Old. and .1d. as the product .01d. 1 and .0ld. 10, respectively. Both products contain the digit 1, but in one case this 1 is one hundredth of a penny, and in the other case it is one tenth of a penny. This 1 is represented in the machine but once, provision being made for entering it into the correct denominational registering wheel of the totaliser, as will be fully described hereafter.

In operation, the required representations are selected from the great number of stored representations firstly by selecting representations as-- sociated with the required digits and denominations of the first factor; secondly, by selecting from the first-selected representations those as sociated with the required denomination of the second factor; and thirdly, by selecting from the second-selected representations those associated with the required digit of the second factor. Digit is meant to signify any digital value of a certain denomination; thus, the D denomination has twelve digits 0-11, the S10 denomination has two digits 0 and 1, the /8 denomination has eight digits 0-%, while all the remaining denominations each have ten digits 0-9.

In the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention:

Figures 1A, 1B together constitute a vertical section of the machine on line 1-1 of Figure 2B, on a slightly smaller scale,

Figures 2A, 2B together constitute a horizontal section on line II-II of Figures 1A, 13,

Figures 3 to '7 show some perforated plates, representing the partial products of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth bank, respectively.

Figure 8 shows, on a larger scale, a portion of a perforated plate,

Figure 9 illustrates diagrammatically the cooperation of the perforated plates with the sensing mechanism,

Figure 10 is vertical section through the pence sensing and value-entering mechanism showing the positions of parts at the end of the sensing operation,

Figure 11 shows parts of the differential mechanism, on a larger scale,

Figure 12 is a front elevation of the containers for perforated plates and of the locking bars of the first bank.

Figure 13 is a timing chart, and

Figures 14A, 14B together constitute a section, similar to Figures 1A, 113, on line XIV-XIV of Figure 2B, a portion of the supporting structure being broken away to show the operating mechanism.

Set-up mechanism for the first factor and denominational set-up mechanism for the second factor The values of the first factor are set up on discs 1, Figures 1A, 2A, 2B, rotatable on a shaft 2 journalled in bearings 3 in side plates 4, 5 which are interconnected by a number of crossbars such as 6, I to form a rigid structure serving as a carriage. Each setting disc I has a finger tip 8 protruding through a slot in the carriage cover 9; numerals indicating the position of finger tips 8 may be arranged on the carriage cover along the respective slots. Each setting disc I is located by a spring-loaded ball I in a housing II secured in the carriage structure; balls I0 coact with teeth I2 formed on discs I. A strip I3 fixed to each disc I has numerals visible through an aperture I4 in the carriage cover 9. There are two setting discs I associated respectively with D10- and D10- denominations and settable in ten positions 0-9; a disc I associated with D denomination and settable in twelve positions 0-11; a disc of the S1 denomination settable in ten positions 0-9; a disc of the S10 denomination settable in two positions 0 and 10; and five setting discs I associated respectively with denominations L1 to L10 and settable in ten positions 0-9. Each setting disc I has a slot I5 of suitable length engaged by a roller I6 journalled in a lever II rockable on a shaft I8 fixedly supported in the carriage structure 4, 5. oted as at I9 to each lever I1 serves to move a set of perforated plates 20 fully described hereafter. There is one set of plates 20 associated with each set-up denomination D10- to L10 the number of plates within each set being equal to the number of digits in the respective denomination. Thus, the D set has twelve plates, the S10 set has two plates, and each of the remaining sets comprises ten plates 20.

The set of plates 28 are arranged in five banks clearly shown in Figures 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B. Considering first the D10- denomination its lever I1 .is linked at I9 to a connecting rod 2| linked at 22 to the lower end of one of two forks 23 fixedly mounted on a shaft 24 journalled in carriage plate 5 and in a bracket 25 fixed to the carriage base 26. Forks 23 engage pins 21 fixed in lugs 28 formed on a container 29 of the second bank. Container 29 is mounted for horizontal movement on rods 30, 3| fixedly supported in the carriage structure. When the setting disc I of the D10- denomination is rocked into the position in which the desired number appears in the respective aperture I4, container 29 is moved forward (to the left as viewed in Figure 1A) by its forks 23 and rod 2I a corresponding number of steps, so that the perforated plate 20 associated with this particular numeral is brought into a working position, in readiness to be engaged by the setting means for the second factor, as will be described 1 in due course. Similarly the D10 setting disc I is linked by a connecting rod 32 to one of two forks 33 fixedly mounted on a shaft 34; these forks 33 engage pins 21 on lugs 28 on a container 35 of the third bank. The D setting disc I is linked by a connecting rod 36 to a bracket 31 fixedly mounted on a shaft 38 Journalled in carriage plate 5 and in a bracket 39 fixed to carriage base 26; fixedly mounted on shaft 38 are two forks 40 engaging, as described, a container 4| of the first bank. The S1 setting disc I is linked by a connecting rod 42 to one of two forks 43 on a shaft 44 Journalled in a bracket 45 and in carriage plate 5; forks 43 engage a container 46 of the fourth bank. The S10 setting disc I is linked by a rod 41 to one of two forks 48 fixedly mounted on a shaft 49 and engaging a container 58 of the fifth bank. The L1 setting disc is connected by a rod 5| to a bracket 52 fixedly mounted on a shaft 53 journalled in bracket 25 and carriage plate 4; two forks 54 fixedly mounted on shaft 53 serve to move a container 55 of the second bank slidable on rods 56, 51 secured in the carriage structure. The L10 setting disc I is connected by a rod 58 to a bracket A connecting rod piv- III) 59 on a shaft 68 fixedly supporting two forks 6| serving to move a container 62 of the third bank. The L10 setting disc is connected by a rod 63 to a bracket 64 on a shaft 65 Journalled in carriage plate 4 and in a bracket 66; forks 61 fixed to shaft 65 serve to shift a container 68 of the first bank along rods 56, 51. The L10 setting disc is connected by a rod 69 to one of two forks 18 fixedly mounted on a shaft 1I Journalled in carriage plate 4 and in bracket 45; forks I8 shift a container I2 of the fourth bank. Finally, the L10 setting disc I is connected by a rod 13 to one of two forks E4 on a shaft I5, which forks serve to shift a container 16 of the fifth bank.

It is necessary to arrange the sets of perforated plates 20 on five banks as described above, since the capacity of the pounds section of the set-up mechanism is five denominations. With reference to the calculation example in column 3, up to five partial products may have to be sensed simultaneously and the corresponding five sets of representations: of partial products must be arranged separately, one set on each bank. Of course, the present invention is not limited to five pounds denominations, since a machine constructed according to the invention may comprise any number of banks.

As clearly shown in Figures 3 to 8, each perforated plate 26 has two recesses 11 near the upper edge. A coupling plate 18, Figures 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, is positioned just above each pair of containers 4|, 68 (first bank), 28, 55 (second bank), 3562 (third bank), 46, 12 (fourth bank), and 58, I6 (fifth bank). Each plate 18 has four coupling lugs (not shown), one for each recess 11 in the respective plates 26, each coupling lug being of the same shape as the recess but slightly smaller so as to fit into it. Normally, that is when the setting discs I are set to zero, the coupling lugs in plates 18 engage recesses 11 of the 0 plates 20 of the respective sets; when a disc I is set to 1, the coupling lugs in the respective plate 18 engage recesses 11 in the 1 plate 20 of this set, and so forth. Thus, by setting the discs I as desired, those plates 28 which correspond to the set-up digits of the respective denominations are coupled to plates 18, for the purpose to be explained hereafter.

Journalled in crossbars 6, I of the carriage are rollers 19 running in rails secured to the machine base plate 8I. A spring barrel 82 tends to pull the carriage transversely of the machine, to the right as viewed in Figure 2B. A customary double escapement pawl 83 pivoted in the carriage structure coacts with a double escapement rack 84 fixed to machine base 8|, and normally prevents the carriage from shifting under the influence of spring 82. A shift lever 85 pivoted on shaft I8 engages a slot in pawl 83 and has a forward tip 86, Figure 1A, protruding through a slot in carriage cover 9. When tip 86 is depressed, lever 85 causes pawl 83 momentarily to disengage rack 84, and the carriage steps one half-step to the right; when tip 86 is released, a spring 81 restores lever 85, pawl 83 is restored and the carriage shifts another half-step. The carriage may be restored to the left by turning a knob 88 fixedly mounted on a shaft 88 journalled in the carriage structure; a gear 98 on shaft 89 meshes with a rack 9| fixed to machine base 8|. These carriage-shifting means constitute the denominational set-up mechanism for the second factor, as will be clearly understood as the description proceeds.

Each setting disc I is mounted on a boss 82 Representations of Partial Products Perforated plates 20 are shown in Figures 3 to 7 illustrating sets L10 and D of the first bank, sets L1 and D10 of the second bank, sets L10 and D10- of the third bank, sets L10 and S1 of the fourth bank, and sets L10 and S10 of the fifth bank, respectively. Only one plate of each set is shown, since all plates are formed in a similar manner. Each set comprises as many plates 28 as there are digits in the respective denomination; the plate in each set is not perforated. All plates except the 0 plate in each set are perforated to represent the partial products of multiplying the value associated with each plate by the various multiplier digits. For this purpose each plate 20 may be thought to be divided into imaginary horizontal strips shown in dotted lines in Figure 3, each strip being associated with a multiplier digit as indicated by numerals 1 to 11. Thus, the plate L10 1 shown in. Figure 3 contains, in the first or top strip, the products of multiplying 100 by the digit 1 of any decimal denomination from l to +6, as listed in column 3 and (partly) in the first row of Table 1110 1, and also the products of multiplying 100 by the digit 1 of any non-uniform denomination $10 to /8; in ii the second strip, all products (partly shown in the second row of Table 1110 1) of multiplying these values by the digit 2 of all denominations, and so forth. Plates of the L1-L10 sets are divided into 11 strips, while the remaining sets SID-D10 have only nine strips each, since in the present embodiment of the invention sterling amounts cannot be multiplied by sterling amounts. The dotted vertical line approximately in the middle of Figures 3-7 indicates the position of the L1 sensing pins, as will be explained hereafter.

As clearly shown in Figure 8, each strip may be thought to have five imaginary lines indicated S10, 2, 2, 1, and 6. Any hole 96 placed on line S represents the digit 1 of the tens of shillings denomination, or 10/-. Any hole 96 placed on line 2, 2, 1, or 6 represents the digit associated with this particular line; holes 90 arranged. vertically above each other represent, in combination, the sum of digits associated with the respective lines. Thus, the two holes on the left of Figure 8 each represent the digit 1, since they are placed on line 1; the next two holes to the right represent together the digit a, since they are on lines 2; the next two holes 96 represent the digit 8, since they are on line 2 and 6, respectively, and so on. Representation of numerical values by means of a positional code is well known in the art, and any suitable positional. code may be used.

The positioning of holes 96 along the lines S10, 2, 2, 1, 6 is best explained diagrammatically with reference to Figure 9. As indicated by symbols L10 to D10 along the top edge of the drawing, each result denomination is associated with four feelers 91 indicated by four black dots just below the respective symbol, except the S10 denomination which is associated with only one feeler 91 positioned somewhat higher than the tion 0 the feelers L10 8 other feelers. The line of symbols +6 to S1 (together with symbols D and /8 which should be shown to the right of S1 but are beyond the usable space of the drawing) indicates the possible positions of the carriage on which the plates are mounted; it will be remembered that each position is associated with a denomination of the second factor. It is assumed that 100t02'7d is to be multiplied by 6, so that the 6 strips of plates L10 1 and D7 (first bank) are selected for operation; these strips 6 are shown in the upper part of Figure 9 in the decimal positions of the carriage, as indicated by symbols 0 to --4 along the righthand edge of the drawing, and as indicated by arrows near the right-hand edges of the L10 1 strips.

Considering first the D7 plate in the 0 position associated with multiplication (or division) by units, it will be seen that when the strip D7 6 is shifted upwards into alignment with feelers 91 there will be two holes 96 (shown as black dots) aligned with S1 feelers, these two holes together representing the digit 3, while a hole representing 6 will be aligned with D feelers; consequently, feelers 91 will register 3/6d., which is the product of 7d. 6. When the D7 plate is shifted into the +1 position associated with multiplication (or division) by tens, the feelers will register 1 (L1), 1 (S10) and 5 (S1), or 1:15:0=7d. 6 10. When shifted into +2 position, plate D7 will register 17:10:0:7d. 6 10. In the +3 position, plate D7 will register 175=7cl. 6 10 and in the +4 position the amount will be l,'750='7d. 6 10 Positions +5 and +6 are not shown in Figure 9, since the holes affected are the same as those shown black in positions +3 and +4, these holes being sensed by feelers 91 associated with next higher pounds denominations, the amounts registered being 17,500 and 175,000, respectively. All holes 96 shown as circles cannot be sensed by feelers 91, since in the respective positions they are not aligned with any feelers. It may be pointed out here that as fully described in the specification of my prior British Patent No. 566,942, the carriage shift along the decimal positions -4 to +6 is equal to the lateral spacing between feelers 91 of adjacent pounds denominations L1 to L10, and also of fractions-of-penny denominations D1O- to Dl0 whereas it is not equal to the spacing between feelers associated with non-uniform denominations D, S1, and S10; in this manner, a hole 96 representing a certain pounds digit may be aligned with feelers 91 of any one pounds denomination but never with feelers of shillings, pence, and fractions-of-penny denominations, and so forth.

Continuing with the D7 6 strip, in the 1 position the amount registered will be 4.2d.=7d. 6 10- in position +2, the amount .42d.=7d. 6 l0" in position -3, the amount .042d.='ld. 6 10- finally, in position 4 the amount registered will be .0042d.=7d. 6 10- Sonsidering now the Ll0 1 6 strip, in posiwill register 6, or 600=100 6. There will be another hole aligned with the L10 feelers 91, but this hole is rendered inoperative by a locking device shown diagrammatically as a black line 98; this locking device 98 travels with the carriage and is operative only in the decimal positions of the carriage, as will be fully described hereafter. In position +1, the hole previously sensed by L10 feelers is sensed by the L10 feelers as 6,000=100 6 10, and so forth; no other holes 20 become active while the carriage shifts to the left from the initial position 0. Similarly, in position -1 the amount registered is 60 100 X 6 X 10 in position 2 it is 6=l00 6 10- In position 3 the feelers 91 register 12/=l00 6 10- and in position 4, 1/2.4d.=l00 6 l0- It will be understood that in actual operation both the Ll l 6 and the D7 6 strips are sensed simultaneously; thus, when multiplying 100:0:7d. 600 the carriage is shifted into +2 position, and the feelers sense the amount 60,01'7:10:0; when multiplying 100z0z7d. by 6 10- or .0006 the carriage is shifted into 4 position, and the feelers sense l/2.4042d., and so forth.

Considering now the multiplication by nonuniform factors, the lower part of Figure 9 shows again the 6 strip on plate L10 1 which is used, in this case, to multiply 100 by the digit 6 of various sterling denominations. Since pence cannot be multiplied by sterling amounts, the D set of plates 20 remains in the 0 position; when multiplying, this 0 plate is moved, alongside with the Ll0 1 plate into alignment with feelers 91, but of course this 0 plate has no holes 96. When shifted into the S10 position and upon alignment of the 6 strip with feelers 91, plate L10 1 will have two holes, representing 2 and 1 respectively, aligned with L10 feelers to register 300=100 60/-. In position S1, these same holes will be aligned with L10 feelers to register 30=100 6/--. In position D, the amount registered is 2:l0:0=100 6d.; finally, in position /8 the amount registered is 6/3d.=100 %d.=100 /id.

When the carriage is in the non-decimal positions S10 to /d, the locking bar 98 is rendered inoperative and another locking bar 99 is brought into operation by means to be described hereafter. This locking bar 99 renders inoperative any feelers 91 with which it may be aligned; thus as indicated in Figure 9 lower part, a feeler 1310- will not enter the hole 96 which becomes aligned with it when the carriage is shifted into the S10 position, since all feelers DID- to D10- are locked by the bar 99. It may be added that locking bars 98, 99 are arranged to look any feelers 91 which may be beyond the reach of perforated plates 20; thus, in position /8 locking bar 99 locks feelers L10 which otherwise would enter the empty space to the left of plate L10 The space between plates L10 and D is filled as will be described hereafter.

All partial products are precomputed as shown in Tables 1310- to L10 and the plates 20 are perforated accordingly as explained above with reference to Figures 3-9.

Digital set-up mechanism for the second factor It has been already explained that the denomination of the second factor is determined by the position of the carriage; the digit of the respective denomination is set up in the following manner:

As already mentioned, a coupling plate 18 is arranged above each denominational set of plates 20, these plates 18 being coupled to those plates 20 which have been previously shifted into engagement with coupling plates 18 by a corresponding setting of discs I. As shown in Figures 2A, 213, each coupling plate 18 has two pins I00 engaging a horizontal slot in a crossbar IOI. Crossbars IOI extend beyond the carriage plates 4, and are fixed at each end to an end plate I02 having rollers I03 running in vertical rails I04 secured to the machine structure. Each end plate I02 is supported by a fork I05 fixedly mounted on a shaft I06, Figure 1413, journalled in the machine structure and biased by springs I01. A stud I08 in one of the forks I05 coacts with a stepped plate I09 pivoted at H0 in the machine structure, A rod III connects the stepped plate I09 with a setting disc II2, Figure 14A, journalled at H3 in the machine structure. Settin disc II2 has a finger tip H4 protruding through a slot in the machine cover I I5; a springloaded ball H6 locates the setting disc H2 in any one of eleven setting positions, corresponding to the highest possible multiplier digit. A numeral strip II! fixed to disc H2 is visible through an aperture H8 in the machine cover I I5.

Forks I05 are normally held, by means to be described hereafter, in the position shown in Figures 14A, 14B. At the beginning of each operating cycle shaft I 06 is released and is rotated by springs I01, untilstud I08 abuts against the previously positioned stepped plate I09. During this rotation of s'haft I06 the forks I05 lift the end plates I02, crossbars IOI fixed thereto, coupling plates 10 slidably connected to crossbars MI, and plates 20 coupled to plates 18 into the position corresponding to the set-up multi plier digit, so that the required strips on plates 20 are aligned with feelers 91. Thus, when the setting disc H2 is set to l, strip 1 on all pre-set plates 20 will be now aligned with feelers 91, as shown in Figure 10; when discII2 is set to 2, strips 2 will be now aligned with feelers 91, and so forth. Shaft I06, forks I05, crossbars IOI, coupling plates 18 and plates 20'coupled thereto are restored after each operating cycle, so that the first factor may be re-set if desired.

Couplin plates 18 are slidable vertically in channels II9 formed on plates I20 which are fixed to carriage plates 4, 5 and are slidable horizontally in channels formed in a plate I2I fixed to the machine structure. As the crossbars IOI move upwards, coupling plates 18 ull those plates 20 to which they are coupled into the channels H9, thus providing the necessary support for plates 20 during the sensing operation.

Sensing and value-entering mechanism This mechanism forms the sub ect matter of my co-pending United States patent application No. 736,130 and will be now described only so far as necessary for a proper understanding of the present invention.

Each denominational re istering element of the totalizing register, to be described hereafter, is associated with five sets of feelers 91, Figures 1A, 13, one set for each bank of plates 20, each set comprising four feelers 91 exce t the sets associated with the S10 denomination, which have a single feeler 91 each, as illustrated in Figure 9. Feelers 91 associated with each bank are rockably mounted on a rod I22, Figures 1A, 1B, 10, supported in the machine structure; each feeler is biased towards the respective coupling plate 18 by a torsion spring I23 but is normally withheld from the plat 20 by a crossbar I24. Crossbars I24 are fixed at each end to an end plate I25, Figures 2B, 14A, 14B, thus forming a rigid frame which can be lowered, by means to be described hereafter, after the pre-set plates 20 have been raised according to the setting of disc IIZ. Thus, feelers 91 ar released to rock towards the respective raised plates 20 and to enter the holes 96 hen-:in or not, as the case may be.

Each feeler 91 coacts with a pin I26, Figures 1A, 1B, 10, guided for vertical movement in slots in plate I2I and in guides I21 secured in the machine structure. Pins I26 are biased downwards individually by springs I28 anchored in the machine structure; only a few springs I28 are shown in the drawings to avoid overloading, but it will be understood that each pin I26 has its own spring I28. Each pin I26 is fixed to a member I29 forming part of a differential valueentering mechanism presently to be described.

Members I29 rest on a lift plate I30 which is lowered, by means to be described hereafter, after the feelers 91 have sensed the previously elevated plates 20. If a feeler 91 has entered a hole 96 in plate 20, its associated pin I26 is free to move downward when lift plate I30 has been lowered; however, if a feeler 91 has not found a hole 96 to enter into, its rearward extension I3I does not allow the associated pin I26 to move downwards appreciably. However, only those pins I26 are free to move downwards which are not locked by locking bars 98, 99 already mentioned. There is one pair of locking bars 98, 99 associated with each bank of plates 20, except the second and the third bank which are both controlled by the same pair of bars 98, 99.

Each pair of bars 98, 99 is supported at each end by a lever I32 pivoted at I33 in the carriage plate 4, 5, respectively; levers I32 mounted on each carriage plate are interconnected by a rod I34. Locking bar 99 of the first bank has a ball I35 running on a stationary cam face I36 secured to a crossbar I31 fixed to the machine structure. Similarly, locking bar 98 of the fifth bank has a ball I38 running on a stationary cam I39 fixed to a crossbar I40. Cams I36, I39 are so shaped that, as long as the carriage remains in decimal positions +6 to 4, locking bars 98 are aligned with prongs I4I on pins I26, as shown in Figures 1A, 113; when the carriage moves to the non-decimal positions S10 to /8, locking bars rock around their pivots I33 so that the non-decimal locking bars 99 are aligned with prongs I4I, as shown in Figure 10. Locking bars 98, 99 have cut-outs I42, I43 shown in Figure 12; prongs I4I are free to move downwards only when aligned with cut-out I42 or I43. In this manner, locking bars 98, 99 lock certain denominational sets of pins I26 and unlock other sets of pins I26, as already explained with reference to Figure 9. Locking bars 98 are sufficiently long to lock pins I 26 on the right-hand side of the carriage when the latter is in the extreme left-hand position +6; similarly, bars 99 are sufficiently long to lock pins I26 on the left-hand side of the carriage when the latter is in the extreme right-hand position /8.

Members I29 are arranged in denominational groups, each group being associated with a result denomination D10 to Ll As shown in Figure 11, each member I29 has an upper bore normally filled with transmission elements I44, and a lower bore I45 normally empty of these transmission elements. As shown in Figures 1A, 1B, 10, members I29 are of varying thickness filled with a corresponding number of transmission elements I44 which are of standard thickness. Members I29 associated with feelers 91 arranged in line with the 2 lines of holes 96 in plates 20, as indicated in Figure 9, contain two elements I44 each; members I29 associated with those feelers 91 which sense the S line and the 1 line of holes 96 contain one element I44 each; and members I29 associated with those feelers 91 which sense the 6 line of holes 96 each contain six transmission elements I 44. When the lift plate I30 is being lowered, members I29 associated with those feelers 91 which have entered holes 99 move downwards to such an extent as to align their upper bores containing the transmission elements I44 with a plunger I46 presently to be described; members I 29 associated with those feelers 91 which have not entered holes 96 move but slightly so as to align their lower bores I45 with a plunger I46. Figure 10 shows the position of parts of the pence (D) denominational sensing and value-entering mechanism at the end of the sensing operation, illustrating the calculation example of column 3. In this example, the following values have to be entered into the pence registering element of the totalizer:

6d. from the L10 9 plate fifth bani:

9d. from the L10 plate 20, fourth bank 4d. from the L10 plate 20, first bank 1101. from the L10 9 plate 20, third bank, and id, from the L1 9 plate 20, second bank The total amountto be registered is 31d. It will be seen from an inspection of Figure 10 that the following members I29 have been lowered in the course of this sensing operation: one member I29 (fifth bank) containing six elements I44; three members I29 (fourth bank) containing two, one, and six elements I44; two members I29 (first bank) each containing two elements I44; four members I29 (third bank) containing two, two, one, and six elements I 44; and one member I29 (second bank) containing one transmission element I44. Altogether eleven members I29 have been lowered, containing a total of thirty-one transmission elements I44, corresponding in number to 31d. to be registered, so that thirty-one elements I44 are aligned with the associated plunger I46.

There is one plunger I46 associated with each denominational group of members I29, all plungers being fixed to a common crossbar I41, Figure 1B, and being guided in a guide I48 supported in the machine structure. After the lift plate I30 has been lowered, crossbar I41 is moved forward, by means to be described hereafter, an amount equal to the total thickness of all members I29 in a denominational group; plungers I46 move through bores in members I29 and drive the transmission elements I44 (of those members I29 which have been previously lowered) through lower bores I45 of those members I29 which have not been previously lowered to the full extent. As the transmission elements I44 are pushed out of a denominational group of members I29 by plungers I46, these elements I 44 enter a hole in a lift block I49, Figure 1A, fixedly mounted on lift plate I 30. It will be understood that the number of transmission elements I44 pushed out of a denominational group of members I29 into the lift block I 49 equals the amount to be entered into the respective denominational registering element of the totalizer; with reference to Figure 10, thirty-one elements I44 will be pushed into the lift block I49 in the case of the pence denomination.

A differential slide I50, Figures 1A, 1B, is mounted for horizontal movement in guides I5I, I52, I48, I53 above each denominational group of members I29. Each differential slide I has a lug I54 descending into a slot in the lift block 13 I48, so that normally each lug I54 just touches the foremost member I29. If no members I29 in a denominational group have been lowered in the course of the sensing operation, the associated plunger I46 would at the end of forward stroke just touch the respective lug I54. Generally, however, some members I29 have been lowered, and as the transmission elements I44 are pushed out of the members I29 by plungers I46, they push the respective lugs I54 and differential slides I 50 towards the front of the machine. The amount of movement of each differential slide I50 is equal to the total thickness of all those elements I44 which have been pushed out of the respective denominational group of members I 29; thus, this movement is proportionate to the amount to be entered into the respective denominational registering element of the totalizer.

Fixed to each differential slide I50 is a rack I55 meshing with a gear I56 journalled in a driving rack I51 slidable in guides I58, I59 secured in the machine structure. Each gear I56 also meshes with a carry rack I60 slidable in guides I6I, I59. Each driving rack I51 meshes with a pinion I62 rotatable on shaft I63 fixedly supported in the machine structure; pinions I62 are arranged, as will be described hereafter, to drive the numeral wheels of the totalizing register. It will be seen that, as long as the carry racks I60 remain stationary, the rotation of pinions I62 is proportionate to the respective amounts to be registered.

Each rack I55 has along its lower edge ratchet teeth coacting with a stop bar I64 mounted for upward movement on guide I48. At the end of forward stroke of plungers I46 the stop bar I64 is shifted upwards, by means to be described hereafter, into engagement with ratchet teeth on racks I55; thus, it prevents any overthrow of differential slides I50.

On completion of their forward stroke, plungers I46 are immediately restored by their crossbar I41, whereupon the lift plate I30 is restored to its upper position, thus restoring all members I29 and the lift block I49. Transmission elements I44 which have been previously pushed out of members I 29 into the lift block I 49 are now aligned with upper bores in members I29. Each differential slide I50 has a lug I65 coacting with a restoring bar I66; during the forward stroke of plungers I46 this bar I66 has been moved forward to allow for free movement of differential slides I50, but now it is restored, by means to be described hereafter, thus engaging all lugs I65 and restoring all differential slides I50 to the initial position. Meanwhile the feelers 91 have been restored by crossbars I24, and the previously lifted plates 20 by coupling plates 18 and crossbars IOI, thus completing the sensing operation. The sequence of the various movements comprising an operating cycle is shown in the timing chart of Figure 13.

Totalizing register As shown in Figure 1A, a gear I61 is fixed to each pinion I62; it meshes with a pinion I68 rotatable on a shaft I69. Fixed to each pinion I 68 is a gear I meshing with another gear I1I rotatable on a shaft I12; shafts I12, I69 are fixedly supported in the machine structure.

The totalizing register comprises numeral wheels I13 rotatable on a shaft I14 journalled at either end in an end plate I interconnected by means such as a cover I16 to form a rigid structure. Numerals on wheels I13 are visible through apertures in the totalizer cover I16. Each numera1 wheel I13 has a gear I11 positioned substantially above and midways between the respective gears I10, IN. The totalizer structure is shiftable, by means to be described hereafter, so as to mesh each gear I11 either with gear I10 for additive calculations or with gear i1I for subtractive calculations; this meshing operation takes place prior to the return stroke of the differential slides I50. Thus, totalizer wheels I13 are rotated according to the movement of the respective differential slides I50 either additively or subtractively as required.

Each numeral wheel I13 has a customary onetooth pinion or lug I18 coacting with lugs I19 on a rocker I mounted on a shaft I8I' fixedly supported in the machine structure. Each rocker I80 is biased by a spring I82 clockwise as viewed in Figure 1A. The rearward end of each rocker I80 is formed with a lug I03 engaging a slot in an escapement pawl I 84 rockable on a shaft I85 fixed in the supporting structure. Escapement pawls I 84 engage, in the usual manner, ratchet teeth out along the upper edges of the respective carry racks I60, which are tensioned towards the rear of the machine by springs I86, Figure 1B. Each one-tooth pinion I18 co-operates, through rocker I80 and paw] I84, with carry rack I60 associated with the next higher denomination to allow the rack to shift one step at the time when a tenstransfer has to be effected. This movement of rack I60 is transmitted, through gear I56, rack I51, gears I62, I61, I68, and I10 or IN, to gear I11 and numeral wheel I13. Carry racks I60 are restored during the forward stroke of plungers I46 by a crossbar I81.

The totalizing register may be cleared by any customary method, for instance by turning the totalizer shaft I14 containing a comb bar coacting with zero studs on wheels I13. This method is well known and does not require a detailed description.

Auxiliary devices The machine comprises a register for the sec- 0nd factor (multiplier or quotient) generally indicated at I88, Figure 1A, and constructed in any known manner, for instance as described in the specifications to my prior British Patents Nos. 577,330 and 575,324. This register has one numeral wheel for each carriage position; that is, eleven wheels marked 0-9 for decimal positions -4 to +6, a wheel marked 01 repeated five times for the S10 position, a wheel marked 09 for the S1 position, a wheel marked 0-1l for the D position, and a wheel marked 0, A, A A,, A,, for the /8 position. A pointer 89 fixed to the carriage cover 8 may extend to the suitably marked wheels 6'88 to indicate the carriage position. Registers of this general type are well known and do not require a detailed description.

Auxiliary devices such as interlocks for ensur ing a fool-proof operation, decimal point indicators, and so forth, may be used in the machine; as they are well known to those skilled in g the art, their description has been. omitted, in-

asmuch as it is not required for a proper understanding of the invention.

Operating means As shown in Figure 141%., each end plate I02 supporting the crossbars IOI has teeth coacting with a locating rocker i953 pivoted at HI and biased by a spring I82. Forks I05 actuating the end plates I02 are fixedly mounted on shaft I06, Figure 143, as already described. A main operating shaft I93 is journalled in the machine structure and is arranged to be rotated clockwise, once during each operating cycle, by any suit able means such as a handle or a motor. A cam I94, Figure 1B, fixedly mounted on shaft i93 coacts with a rocker I95 pivoted at I96. A connecting rod I91 links the rocker I95 to a bracket I98 fixedly mounted on shaft I00. As the main shaft I93 is rotated, cam I94 allows the shaft I09 to rotate clockwise under the influence of springs I01 until the lug I00 abuts against the stepped plate I09 previously positioned as described, according to the required digit of the second factor. Thus, crossbars I0l, coupling plates 19, and pre-set perforated plates are lifted as required.

End plates I25, Figures 14A, 1413, to which are fixed the crossbars I24 supporting the feelers 91, are each linked to a rocker I99 pivoted at I I0 and to a bell-crank 200 pivoted at 20L Each rocker I99 is linked to the respective be1l-crank 200 by a connecting rod 202 and is biased by a spring 203 on to a cam 204 fixedly mounted on main shaft I93. After the lifting of plates 20 cams 204 allow the end plates I to move downwards, thus releasing the feelers 91 for the sensing op eration.

Lift plate I30, Figures 1A, 1B, supporting the sensing members I29, is fixed to two crossbars 205 fixed at each end to an end plate 299, Figure 14A. Rollers 201 journalled in each end plate 205 run in rails 208 fixed to the machine structure. Each end plate 200 is supported by a forked bell-crank 209 pivoted at 2H] and linked by a connecting rod 2I I to a rocker 2| 2, Figure 143, pivoted at 2 I3 and coacting with a cam 2M on main shaft I93.

.During rotation of shaft I93, cams 2 I4 first allow the lift plate I to move downwards due to its weight or a spring (not shown) in order to position the sensing members I29 according to the sensed amounts, whereupon lift plate I30 and members I29 are restored by cams 214.

The differential driving mechanism described above is operated by two cams 2 I 5 on main shaft I93. Each cam 2I5 coacts with a two-armed rocker 2I9 pivoted at 2H3 and connected at 2H to a link 2| 9 having a pin 2I9 rotatably supporting a roller 220 running in rails 22!! fixed to the machine structure. A pinion 222 rotatable on each pin 2I9 meshes with a rack 223 fixed to the machine structure. Fixed to each pinion 222 is a gear 224 meshing with a rack 225 in which are journalled rollers 225 running in rails 221 fixed to the supporting structure. Racks 225 are fixed to a cross member 228 comprising the restoring bars I96 and I02, Figure 1B. It will be seen from. the above and with reference to'the timing chart of Figure 13, that as cams 2I5 rotate, bars I06, I81 are moved on completion of the sensing operation first to the left as viewed in Figure 1B, and then restored into the position shown. Two brackets 229 fixedly mounted on bar I06 have pawls 230 biased by springs (not shown) into corresponding notches in end plates 23I supporting the crossbar I41 to which the plungers I45 are secured as described above. End plates 23I have rollers 232 running in rails 233 fixed to the ma" chine structure. A spring 234 mounted in a barrel 235 is attached to each end plate 23I and tensions it towards the rear of the machine (to the right as viewed in Figure 1B). As the bars I66, I31 are moved forward, pawls 230 push end plates 23L crossbar I41, and plungers 45 forward; plungers I46 enter members I29 and drive slides I50differentia1ly, through transmission e1etractive operation).

ments I44, as described above. On completion of forward stroke of plungers I46 tails 230 on pawls 299 engage fixed stops 231 and cause the pawls to disengage end plates 23 l, which are then restored by springs 234 on to a fixed stop 238. At the'same time pawls 230 engage the stop bar I54 and cause it to move upwards and to engage teeth on racks I55 in order to prevent any overthrow of differential slides I50. At the same time, all previously displaced carry racks K59 are restored by bar I01. As shown in the timing chart of Figure 13, bars I50, I81 remain stationary for a certain period after completion of forward stroke in order to allow for the restoring movement of sensing members I29 and for the meshing operation presently to be described, whereupon they are restored by cams 2i5, bar I59 positively restoring all differential slides I50.

End plates I15, Figure 14A, of the totalizing register I13 are each mounted on two pivots 239; each pivot 239 is eccentrically fixed to a disc 240 having another eccentric pivot 24I jcurnalled in the machine structure. Gears 242 fixedly mounted on pivots 24I of each end plate I15 mesh with a gear 243 which has a recess engaged by a roller or stud 244 in a bell-crank 245 pivoted at 246, Figure 1413. Rollers 241 in bell-cranks 245 coact with cams 248 fixedly mounted on main shaft I93, being biased by springs 249. The machine is conditioned for additive calculations such as multiplication and addition, and for subtractive calculations such as division and subtraction, by means of a control lever 250, Figure 14A, fixed to a crossbar 25I interconnecting the two gears 243. This control lever 250 can be set manually either into the position shown in Figure 14A for additive operation, or it can be rocked towards the rear of the machine for subtractive operation. Springs 252 anchored in the machine structure normally maintain gears I11 of the totalizer, Figure 1A, in mesh either with gears I10 (for additive operation) or with gears I1I (for sub- At the beginning of each operating cycle cams 248 cause the studs 244, Figure 14A, on bell-cranks 245 to move upwards, thus causing gears 243 to rock clockwise if they have been previously positioned as shown for additive operation, or counter-clockwise if they have been previously positioned for subtractive operation; in either case gears 243 rotate gears 242 and eccentric discs 240 so as to lift the totalizer structure substantially upwards, thus demeshing the totalizer gears I11 from gears I10 or I1I, but not far enough to reach the dead centre of eccentric discs 240. On completion of forward stroke of plungers I46 cams 248 cause studs 244 to move downwards, and springs 252 pull the totalizer structure downwards, eccentric discs 240 rotating away from the dead- .centre position, so that totalizer gears I11 are again meshed with gears I10 or I1I, as the case may be. Thus as the differential slides I50 are positively restored by the bar I66, racks I55 on slides I50 drive the totalizer gear I11 either additively or subtractively as required, the carry racks I60 effecting the tens transfer whenever necessary.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not limited to the sterling numerical system, as the machine described above may be modified to suit other non-uniform numerical systems, such as weights and measures, Indian currency, and so forth. 

